What is the Probability of an Earthquake

The probability of an earthquake is something that has to be related to a region. For example, what is the probability of an earthquake occurring in Japan or USA or Bangladesh or Sri Lanka? The answer depends on the regional tectonics.

I will take two examples. Japan and Sri Lanka (I don’t know about Bangladesh). So here Japan is a country that is on the boundary of convergence of two plates, one sub-ducting to the other. In Japan’s case, the Pacific plate is sub-ducting below the Eurasian plate.

In such an environment many earthquakes are happening and the probability is quite high and the calculation of an earthquake is specific to one another.

But in Sri Lanka, the tectonic environment is very dull. no plates are colliding in that zone and thus the probability of an earthquake is very low

Now, back to Japan. I said that the probability of one happening is quite high, but this is only for small earthquakes

Ex. even though we cannot feel earthquakes happening all the time which are of magnitudes 1,2 or 3

But the ones higher than that are not so often they are happening with a certain interval. which is called the recurrence time

So depending on the recurrence interval the probability of one happening is different.

For small earthquakes the recurrence interval is small but for very large earthquakes that is high. Therefore the probability of a small earthquake is large and the probability of a large earthquake is small.

The probability can be calculated for a given period using historical data. For a given time, say for 100 years, see the total number of earthquakes that have happened, Say 1000. Now among them how many earthquakes are there with the magnitude 5.5 take them, say 500. Then the probability of an earthquake happening with a magnitude of 5.5 is 500/1000 which is 1/2 for 100 years

Then consider an earthquake happening with a magnitude of 7.5 occurring in the same period, say the number is 50. The probability of that is 50/1000, that is 1/20

Then consider an earthquake with a size of 9.4 (As the Miyagi-oki eq,2011). These are very rare. For the considered same period the number of this kind of earthquakes is very small, say 1. Then the probability of that happening is 1/1000.

So like this, the probability of an earthquake is something that is limited to a region. But if you consider the whole world and do the calculations then also you can get a number. But it is not very specific

Therefore as I said the probability of an earthquake is specific to a region

This is a very big area. many things are taken into consideration when you do details and calculate the probabilities. The historical data, the rate of plate subduction, the strain rate calculations, and the morphology of the subducting plate, like many things, need to be considered.

But even after such an effort, an earthquake can happen out of nowhere

Ex. the one that happened in Fukushima a couple of weeks ago. Scientists considered that to be an aseismic region (the area where earthquakes cannot occur), but out of the blue this happens and everybody is shocked

This is why it is so difficult to predict earthquakes and the probabilities.